Understanding Heart Murmurs – How to Master Auscultation for Step 1 & Step 2
Whether you’re learning them for the first time or reviewing before test day, heart murmurs are a must-know USMLE topic. From aortic stenosis to mitral regurgitation, questions will test not only your knowledge of the murmurs—but your ability to reason through timing, location, and maneuvers.
CARS Strategy for the MCAT: Read Less, Score More
CARS (Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills) is the MCAT’s most unpredictable section, yet it’s often the most neglected. Many students assume it just takes “more reading” or “a humanities brain,” but the truth is: CARS is about strategy. You don’t need to read faster—you need to read smarter. In this post, we’ll break down how to spend less time per passage, avoid trap answers, and build confidence using KOTC’s CARS system.
Endotoxins vs Exotoxins – Crack the Bacterial Toxin Code
“Which of the following best differentiates an endotoxin from an exotoxin?”
That’s a classic Step 1-style question—and it can be deceptively tricky unless you’ve mastered the mechanisms, origins, and immunologic responses of each.
Blood Transfusion Reactions: Causes, Symptoms, and Nursing Implications (Copy)
SIADH, or Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion, is a common cause of euvolemic hyponatremia and a favorite topic on the USMLE Step 1 and Step 2. This blog breaks it down with easy mnemonics, clear tables, and visuals, so you can lock this in for test day!
Mastering Heart Murmurs for the USMLE: Types, Mnemonics, and Diagnosis
Learn how to identify and differentiate heart murmurs for the USMLE, including systolic vs. diastolic murmurs, auscultation locations, and key mnemonics.
Pulmonary Embolism – A High-Yield USMLE Review
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a high-yield and potentially fatal condition that requires rapid diagnosis and management. The USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 often test PE in clinical vignettes, requiring you to recognize key symptoms, diagnostic tools, and treatment options. This guide will break down everything you need to know about PE for your exam.
Understanding Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) – Diagnosis & Management
Learn about Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) for USMLE exams, including diagnosis, symptoms, and management strategies. Essential for medical students!
Mastering Neurotransmitters & Synaptic Transmission for the DAT
The nervous system relies on neurotransmitters to send signals between neurons, playing a critical role in cognition, movement, and emotions. Understanding neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission is essential for DAT biology, especially for questions related to neurophysiology and pharmacology.
This blog will explore how synaptic transmission works, the types of neurotransmitters, and their role in the human body.
Pulmonary Embolism: Diagnosis and Management for the USMLE
Learn about pulmonary embolism, its risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. A high-yield USMLE topic with KOTC science visuals for better retention.
Hyponatremia: Causes, Diagnosis, and Management for the USMLE
Hyponatremia (serum sodium < 135 mEq/L) is the most common electrolyte abnormality seen in hospitalized patients and frequently appears in USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK exams. This blog will cover the classification, causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of hyponatremia, along with KOTC science visuals to enhance retention.
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management for the USMLE
Learn about Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), its causes, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and treatment strategies. A high-yield USMLE topic with KOTC science visuals.